Display device and method of fabricating the same

ABSTRACT

A method of fabricating a display device includes forming a circuit layer on a base layer, forming a first preliminary electrode and a second preliminary electrode on the circuit layer, forming a photoresist layer on the first preliminary electrode and the second preliminary electrode, patterning the photoresist layer to form a photoresist pattern, treating a region of each of the first preliminary electrode and the second preliminary electrode to form a first electrode and a second electrode having regions of lower and higher electrical resistance, and disposing a light-emitting element on the first electrode and the second electrode at regions having lower electrical resistance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/673,953, filed Nov. 4, 2019 (now pending), the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/673,953 claims priority to and benefit of KoreanPatent Application No. 10-2018-0143736 under 35 U.S.C. § 119, filed onNov. 20, 2018 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND Field

Exemplary implementations of the invention relate generally to a displaydevice and, more specifically, to a display device having light-emittingelements and a method of fabricating the display device.

Discussion of the Background

A display device may include light-emitting elements electricallyconnected to an electrode and emitting light depending on a voltageapplied to the electrode. The light-emitting element may be directlyformed on the electrode. Alternatively, the light-emitting element andthe electrode may be formed through different processes, and in thiscase, an additional step should be further performed to align thelight-emitting element to the electrode. If the light-emitting elementis not properly aligned on the electrode, the light-emitting element maynot emit light.

The above information disclosed in this Background section is only forunderstanding of the background of the inventive concepts, and,therefore, it may contain information that does not constitute priorart.

SUMMARY

Display devices constructed according to the principles and exemplaryimplementations of the invention and methods of and fabricating the sameaccording to the principles of the invention are capable of providingreliable display devices with high fabrication yields by controlling thearrangement and alignment of light-emitting elements on the electrode.For example, in a display device according to some implementations ofthe invention, the arrangement position of the light-emitting element iscontrolled by first electrode and second electrodes of the display,whose electrical resistance varies from region to region. Thus, it maybe possible to improve fabrication yield and reliability of the displaydevice.

Additional features of the inventive concepts will be set forth in thedescription which follows, and in part will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concepts.

According to one aspect of the invention, a display device includes aplurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines; and a pluralityof pixels connected with the scan lines and the data lines, wherein atleast one pixel of the plurality of pixels includes a pixel circuithaving at least one transistor, an insulating layer covering the pixelcircuit, a first electrode disposed on the insulating layer andelectrically connected to the pixel circuit, the first electrodeincluding at least one first region having a first resistance and aplurality of second regions having a second resistance higher than thefirst resistance, a second electrode disposed on the insulating layerand spaced apart from the first electrode, the second electrodeincluding at least one third region having a third resistance and aplurality of fourth regions having a fourth resistance higher than thethird resistance, and a light-emitting element electrically connected tothe first electrode at one of the first regions and the second electrodeat one of the third regions.

The plurality of second regions are arranged to be spaced apart fromeach other in a first direction, and the plurality of fourth regions arearranged to be spaced apart from each other in the first direction.

The first region may include a first electrode center region extendingin the first direction, and a plurality of first electrode outer regionsprotruding from the first electrode center region in a second directionintersecting the first direction. The third region may include a secondelectrode center region extending in the first direction, and aplurality of second electrode outer regions protruding from the secondelectrode center region in the second direction.

The plurality of first electrode outer regions and the plurality ofsecond regions may be alternately arranged in the first direction. Theplurality of second electrode outer regions and the plurality of fourthregions may be alternately arranged in the first direction.

The plurality of first electrode outer regions may include a first outerregion and a second outer region, and the first electrode center regionmay be disposed between the first outer region and the second outerregion.

The light-emitting element may be disposed above or below one of thesecond regions and one of fourth regions.

The light-emitting element may include a plurality of light-emittingelements having a first end connected to one of the first regions and asecond end connected to one of the third regions such that verticallyadjacent light-emitting elements are separated from each other inalternating fashion with the second and the fourth regions disposedabove and below the light-emitting elements.

The second region and the fourth region may include one of amorphousregions and ionized regions.

The ionized regions may contain oxygen ions. An amount of the oxygen ioncontained in the second region may be greater than an amount of theoxygen ion contained in the first region, and an amount of the oxygenion contained in the fourth region may be greater than an amount of theoxygen ion contained in the third region.

The first region and the third region may include indium tin oxide, andthe second region and the fourth region may include indium tin oxidedoped with an oxygen ion.

The first region and the third region may include aluminum, and thesecond region and the fourth region may include aluminum oxide.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method of fabricating adisplay device, the method includes the steps of: forming a circuitlayer on a base layer, forming a first preliminary electrode and asecond preliminary electrode on the circuit layer, forming a photoresistlayer on the first preliminary electrode and the second preliminaryelectrode, patterning the photoresist layer to form a photoresistpattern, treating a region of each of the first preliminary electrodeand the second preliminary electrode to form a first electrode and asecond electrode having regions of lower and higher electricalresistance, and disposing a light-emitting element on the firstelectrode and the second electrode at regions having lower andelectrical resistance.

The first electrode may include a first region and a second region, andthe second electrode may include a third region and a fourth region. Thesecond region and the fourth region may be the treated regions.

The first region and the third region may include indium tin oxide, andthe second region and the fourth region may include indium tin oxidethat is doped with oxygen ions.

The first region and the third region may include aluminum, and thesecond region and the fourth region may include aluminum oxide.

The second region and the fourth region may be amorphous regions.

The treating step may include injecting an ion into the firstpreliminary electrode and the second preliminary electrode.

The ion may be an oxygen ion.

The treating step may include injecting nitrogen or argon atoms to thefirst preliminary electrode and the second preliminary electrode.

The treating step may include injecting plasma to the first preliminaryelectrode and the second preliminary electrode.

The disposing step may include providing solution, in which thelight-emitting element and solvent are contained, on the first electrodeand the second electrode, aligning the light-emitting element, andevaporating the solvent.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of theinvention, and together with the description serve to explain theinventive concepts.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a displaydevice constructed according to the principles of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a display deviceconstructed according to the principles of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a representative pixel of thedisplay device of FIG. 2

FIG. 4A is an enlarged sectional view of a first exemplary embodiment ofa light-emitting element of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4B is an enlarged sectional view of a second exemplary embodimentof a light-emitting element of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4C is an enlarged sectional view of a third exemplary embodiment ofa light-emitting element of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4D is an enlarged sectional view of a fourth exemplary embodimentof a light-emitting element of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a display panelconstructed according to the principles of the invention.

FIG. 6A is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of some elements of adisplay panel constructed according to the principles of the invention.

FIG. 6B is a plan view of another exemplary embodiment of some elementsof a display panel constructed according to the principles of theinvention.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of first stepof forming first region and second regions of a first electrodeaccording to the principles of the invention.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of second stepof forming a first region and second regions of a first electrode.

FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of third stepof forming a first region and second regions of a first electrode.

FIG. 8 is a sectional view illustrating an exemplary embodiment of astep of providing a light-emitting element constructed according to theprinciples of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various exemplary embodiments or implementations of theinvention. As used herein “embodiments” and “implementations” areinterchangeable words that are non-limiting examples of devices ormethods employing one or more of the inventive concepts disclosedherein. It is apparent, however, that various exemplary embodiments maybe practiced without these specific details or with one or moreequivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring various exemplary embodiments. Further, various exemplaryembodiments may be different, but do not have to be exclusive. Forexample, specific shapes, configurations, and characteristics of anexemplary embodiment may be used or implemented in another exemplaryembodiment without departing from the inventive concepts.

Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated exemplary embodiments are tobe understood as providing exemplary features of varying detail of someways in which the inventive concepts may be implemented in practice.Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the features, components,modules, layers, films, panels, regions, and/or aspects, etc.(hereinafter individually or collectively referred to as “elements”), ofthe various embodiments may be otherwise combined, separated,interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the inventiveconcepts.

The use of cross-hatching and/or shading in the accompanying drawings isgenerally provided to clarify boundaries between adjacent elements. Assuch, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shadingconveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particularmaterials, material properties, dimensions, proportions, commonalitiesbetween illustrated elements, and/or any other characteristic,attribute, property, etc., of the elements, unless specified. Further,in the accompanying drawings, the size and relative sizes of elementsmay be exaggerated for clarity and/or descriptive purposes. When anexemplary embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific processorder may be performed differently from the described order. Forexample, two consecutively described processes may be performedsubstantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to thedescribed order. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements.

When an element, such as a layer, is referred to as being “on,”“connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may bedirectly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer orintervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an elementor layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,”or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are nointervening elements or layers present. To this end, the term“connected” may refer to physical, electrical, and/or fluid connection,with or without intervening elements. Further, the D1-axis, the D2-axis,and the D3-axis are not limited to three axes of a rectangularcoordinate system, such as the x, y, and z-axes, and may be interpretedin a broader sense. For example, the D1-axis, the D2-axis, and theD3-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may represent differentdirections that are not perpendicular to one another. For the purposesof this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least oneselected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as Xonly, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z,such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. As used herein, the term“and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items.

Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein todescribe various types of elements, these elements should not be limitedby these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element fromanother element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed asecond element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “under,” “lower,”“above,” “upper,” “over,” “higher,” “side” (e.g., as in “sidewall”), andthe like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, todescribe one elements relationship to another element(s) as illustratedin the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompassdifferent orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/ormanufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. Forexample, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elementsdescribed as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would thenbe oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplaryterm “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below.Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relativedescriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover,the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,”when used in this specification, specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one ormore other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof. It is also noted that, as used herein, the terms“substantially,” “about,” and other similar terms, are used as terms ofapproximation and not as terms of degree, and, as such, are utilized toaccount for inherent deviations in measured, calculated, and/or providedvalues that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Various exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference tosectional and/or exploded illustrations that are schematic illustrationsof idealized exemplary embodiments and/or intermediate structures. Assuch, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, forexample, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to beexpected. Thus, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein should notnecessarily be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapesof regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from,for instance, manufacturing. In this manner, regions illustrated in thedrawings may be schematic in nature and the shapes of these regions maynot reflect actual shapes of regions of a device and, as such, are notnecessarily intended to be limiting.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms,such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in anidealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a displaydevice constructed according to the principles of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, a display device DD may display an image through adisplay region DA. FIG. 1 illustrates an example, in which the displayregion DA is disposed to be substantially parallel to a first directionDR1 and a second direction DR2 intersecting the first direction DR1.However, in an exemplary embodiment, the display region DA of thedisplay device DD may be provided on a curved surface.

The thickness direction of the display device DD will be referred to asa third direction DR3. However, directions indicated by the first tothird directions DR1, DR2, and DR3 may be relative concepts, and inexemplary embodiments, they may be changed to indicate other directions.In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the expression “when viewed ina plan view” may be used to describe a shape of an object viewed in thethird direction DR3. In addition, the thickness direction may mean thethird direction DR3.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example in which the display device DD is atelevision set. However, the display device DD may be used forlarge-sized electronic devices (e.g., monitors, and outdoor billboards)or small- or medium-sized electronic devices (e.g., personal computers,notebook computers, personal digital assistants, car navigation systems,game machines, smart phones, tablets, and cameras). However, it shouldbe understood that these are merely exemplary embodiments, and thatother electronic devices may be used to realize other exemplaryembodiments, consistent the inventive concepts disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a display deviceconstructed according to the principles of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, the display device DD may include a display panelDP, a signal control unit or timing controller TC, a data driver DDV,and a scan driver GDV. Each of the signal control unit TC, the datadriver DDV, and the scan driver GDV may include a circuit.

The display panel DP may be a display panel including a microlight-emitting element. For example, the display panel DP may be amicro-LED display panel.

The display panel DP may include a plurality of scan lines SL1-SLn, aplurality of data lines DL1-DLm, and a plurality of pixels PX.

The scan lines SL1-SLn may extend in the first direction DR1 and may bearranged in the second direction DR2 crossing the first direction DR1.The data lines DL1-DLm may extend in the second direction DR2 and may bearranged in the first direction DR1.

Each of the pixels PX may include a light-emitting element and a pixelcircuit, which is electrically connected to the light-emitting element.The pixel circuit may include a plurality of transistors. A first powervoltage ELVDD and a second power voltage ELVSS may be provided to eachof the pixels PX.

The pixels PX may be arranged on a surface of the display panel DP, in aregular manner or with a specific arrangement rule. Each of the pixelsPX may display one of primary colors or one of mixed colors. The primarycolors may include red, green, and blue, and the mixed colors mayinclude various colors, such as yellow, cyan, magenta, and white.However, colors, which can be displayed by the pixels PX, are notlimited to the above colors.

The signal control unit TC may receive image data RGB provided from theoutside. The signal control unit TC may convert the image data RGB toimage data R′G′B′, which are suitable for operations of the displaypanel DP, and then may output the converted image data R′G′B′ to thedata driver DDV.

The signal control unit TC may receive a control signal CS provided fromthe outside. The control signal CS may include a verticalsynchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, a mainclock signal, and a data enable signal, or the like. The signal controlunit TC may provide a first control signal CONT1 to the data driver DDVand may provide a second control signal CONT2 to the scan driver GDV.The first control signal CONT1 may be a signal for controlling the datadriver DDV, and the second control signal CONT2 may be a signal forcontrolling the scan driver GDV.

The data driver DDV may provide electric signals to the data linesDL1-DLm, in response to the first control signal CONT1 from the signalcontrol unit TC. The data driver DDV may be implemented as a separateintegrated circuit and may be electrically connected to a side region ofthe display panel DP. In an exemplary embodiment, the data driver DDVmay be directly mounted on the display panel DP. The data driver DDV maybe provided in the form of a single chip or may include a plurality ofchips.

The scan driver GDV may provide electrical signals to the scan linesSL1-SLn, in response to the second control signal CONT2 received fromthe signal control unit TC. The scan driver GDV may be integrated on aspecific region of the display panel DP. For example, the scan driverGDV may include a plurality of thin-film transistors that are formed bythe same process as that for the driving circuit of the pixel PX (e.g.,by a low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) process or a lowtemperature polycrystalline oxide (LTPO) process). In an exemplaryembodiment, the scan driver GDV may be implemented as a separateintegrated circuit chip and may be electrically connected to a portionof the display panel DP.

While one of the scan lines SL1-SLn is applied with a gate-on voltage, aswitching transistor of each pixel in a row of pixels connected theretomay be turned on. Here, the data driver DDV may provide data drivingsignals to the data lines DL1-DLm. The data driving signals provided tothe data lines DL1-DLm may be respectively applied to correspondingpixels through the turned-on switching transistors. The data drivingsignals may be analog voltages corresponding to gradation levels of theimage data.

FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a representative pixel of thedisplay device of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 illustrates an equivalent circuitdiagram for one of a plurality of the pixels PX shown in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 3, the pixel PX may be electrically connected to aplurality of signal lines. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, some(e.g., a scan line SL, a data line DL, a first power line PL1, and asecond power line PL2) of the signal lines are exemplarily illustrated.However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited to this illustratedexemplary embodiment, and in an exemplary embodiment, the pixel PX maybe further connected to various other signal lines.

The pixel PX may include a light-emitting element ED, a first electrodeE1, a second electrode E2, and a pixel circuit PXC. The pixel circuitPXC may include a first thin film transistor TR1, a capacitor CAP, and asecond thin film transistor TR2. However, this is just an example, andthe numbers of the thin film transistor and the capacitor constitutingthe pixel circuit PXC are not limited to those shown in FIG. 3. Forexample, in an exemplary embodiment, the pixel circuit PXC may includeseven thin film transistors and one capacitor.

The first thin film transistor TR1 may be a switching transistorconfigured to control the on/off operation of the pixel PX. The firstthin film transistor TR1 may transmit or block a data signal transmittedthrough the data line DL, in response to a scan signal to be transmittedthrough the scan line SL.

The capacitor CAP may be connected to the first thin film transistor TR1and the first power line PL1. The capacitor CAP may be used to storeelectric charges, and an amount of the electric charges stored in thecapacitor CAP may be determined by a voltage difference between the datasignal transmitted from the first thin film transistor TR1 and the firstpower voltage ELVDD applied to the first power line PL1.

The second thin film transistor TR2 may be connected to the first thinfilm transistor TR1, the capacitor CAP, and the light-emitting elementED. The second thin film transistor TR2 may control a driving currentflowing through the light-emitting element ED in accordance with anamount of charges stored in the capacitor CAP. The turn-on time of thesecond thin film transistor TR2 may be determined depending on theamount of charges stored in the capacitor CAP.

The first thin film transistor TR1 and the second thin film transistorTR2 may be n-type thin film transistors or p-type thin film transistors.In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the first thin filmtransistor TR1 and the second thin film transistor TR2 may be an n-typethin film transistor, and the other may be a p-type thin filmtransistor.

The light-emitting element ED may be connected to the second thin filmtransistor TR2 and the second power line PL2. For example, thelight-emitting element ED may be connected to the first electrode E1,which is electrically connected to the second thin film transistor TR2,and the second electrode E2, which is connected to the second power linePL2. The first electrode E1 may be electrically connected to the pixelcircuit PXC, and the second electrode E2 may receive a power voltage(e.g., the second power voltage ELVSS) through the second power linePL2.

The light-emitting element ED may emit light, and here, an intensity ofthe emitted light may be determined by a voltage different between thesignal, which is transferred through the second thin film transistorTR2, and the second power voltage ELVSS, which is received through thesecond power line PL2.

The light-emitting element ED may be a micro-LED element. The micro-LEDelement may be an LED element whose length ranges from severalnanometers to several hundred micrometers. However, the length of themicro-LED element is not limited to the above example or a specificrange.

An example, in which the light-emitting element ED is solely connectedbetween the second thin film transistor TR2 and the second power linePL2, is illustrated in FIG. 3, but, in an exemplary embodiment, aplurality of the light-emitting elements ED may be provided. Theplurality of the light-emitting elements ED may be connected in parallelto each other.

FIGS. 4A to 4D are enlarged, sectional views illustrate exemplaryembodiments of a light-emitting element of FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 is asectional view illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a display panelconstructed according to the principles of the invention.

FIG. 4A is an enlarged sectional view of a first exemplary embodiment ofa light-emitting element of FIG. 3.

The light-emitting element ED may have various shapes including acircular pillar-type shape or a polygonal pillar-type shape. FIG. 4Aillustrates a section of the light-emitting element ED.

Referring to FIG. 4A, the light-emitting element ED may include ann-type semiconductor layer SCN, a p-type semiconductor layer SCP, and anactive layer AL. The active layer AL may be disposed between the n-typesemiconductor layer SCN and the p-type semiconductor layer SCP.

The n-type semiconductor layer SCN may be provided by doping asemiconductor layer with n-type dopants, and the p-type semiconductorlayer SCP may be provided by doping a semiconductor layer with p-typedopants. The semiconductor layer may include a semiconductor material,which may be at least one of, for example, GaN, AlN, AlGaN, InGaN, InN,InAlGaN, or AlInN, however, the exemplary embodiments are not limited tothis example. The n-type dopants may be at least one of silicon (Si),germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), but theexemplary embodiments are not limited to this example. The p-typedopants may be at least one of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca),strontium (Sr), or barium (Ba), but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited to this example.

The active layer AL may be formed to have at least one of a singlequantum well structure, a multiple quantum well structure, a quantum rodstructure, or a quantum dot structure. The active layer AL may be aregion, in which electrons injected through the n-type semiconductorlayer SCN are recombined with holes injected through the p-typesemiconductor layer SCP. The active layer AL may be a layer emittinglight, whose energy is determined by an energy band of a material. Theposition of the active layer AL may be variously changed, depending onthe kind of the diode.

The n-type semiconductor layer SCN may be coupled to one of the firstelectrode E1 and the second electrode E2 (e.g., see FIG. 5), and thep-type semiconductor layer SCP may be coupled to the other of the firstelectrode E1 and the second electrode E2.

A length LT of the light-emitting element ED may range from severalnanometers to several hundred micrometers. For example, the length LT ofthe light-emitting element ED may range from 1 micrometer to 100micrometers.

FIG. 4B is an enlarged sectional view of a second exemplary embodimentof a light-emitting element of FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 4B, a light-emitting element EDa may further include afirst electrode layer ECL1 and a second electrode layer ECL2, whencompared with the light-emitting element ED of FIG. 4A.

The first electrode layer ECL1 may be adjacent to the n-typesemiconductor layer SCN, and the second electrode layer ECL2 may beadjacent to the p-type semiconductor layer SCP. In an exemplaryembodiment, the first electrode layer ECL1, the n-type semiconductorlayer SCN, the active layer AL, the p-type semiconductor layer SCP, andthe second electrode layer ECL2 may be sequentially stacked.

Each of the first electrode layer ECL1 and the second electrode layerECL2 may be formed of or include at least one of metallic materials ormetal alloys. For example, each of the first electrode layer ECL1 andthe second electrode layer ECL2 may be formed of a metallic material,which is selected from molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), gold(Au), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt), vanadium (V),tungsten (W), lead (Pd), copper (Cu), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir), oran alloy containing at least one of the metallic elements. The firstelectrode layer ECL1 and the second electrode layer ECL2 may include thesame material, but in an exemplary embodiment, the first electrode layerECL1 and the second electrode layer ECL2 may include different materialsfrom each other.

FIG. 4C is an enlarged sectional view of a third exemplary embodiment alight-emitting element of FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 4C, a light-emitting element EDb may further includean insulating layer IL, when compared with the light-emitting element EDof FIG. 4A. For example, the light-emitting element EDb may have acore-shell structure.

The insulating layer IL may cover the n-type semiconductor layer SCN,the p-type semiconductor layer SCP, and the active layer AL and mayprotect outer surfaces of the n-type semiconductor layer SCN, the p-typesemiconductor layer SCP, and the active layer AL. In an exemplaryembodiment, the insulating layer IL may be locally disposed to cover theactive layer AL, but not the n-type semiconductor layer SCN and thep-type semiconductor layer SCP.

FIG. 4D is an enlarged sectional view of a third exemplary embodiment alight-emitting element-of FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 4D, a light-emitting element EDc may further includean insulating layer ILa, when compared with the light-emitting elementEDa of FIG. 4B.

The insulating layer ILa may cover the n-type semiconductor layer SCN,the p-type semiconductor layer SCP, and the active layer AL but notcover a first electrode EL1 and a second electrode EL2. In an exemplaryembodiment, the insulating layer ILa may cover at least a portion of thefirst electrode EL1 and the second electrode EL2 or may cover both ofthe first electrode EL1 and the second electrode EL2.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a display panelconstructed according to the principles of the invention. Forconvenience in illustration, FIG. 5 illustrates a region correspondingto a single pixel, and some elements are omitted from FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 5, a first base layer BL1 and a second base layer BL2may be disposed to face each other. Each of the first base layer BL1 andthe second base layer BL2 may be a silicon substrate, a plasticsubstrate, a glass substrate, an insulating film, or a stack including aplurality of insulating layer.

A circuit layer CCL may be disposed on the first base layer BL1. Thecircuit layer CCL may include a stacking structure including a pluralityof insulating layers, a plurality of transistors, and a plurality ofelectrodes. For example, the circuit layer CCL may include a bufferlayer BFL, a first insulating layer L1, the first thin film transistorTR1, the second thin film transistor TR2, a second insulating layer L2,a third insulating layer L3, a fourth insulating layer L4, a connectionelectrode CNE, and a fifth insulating layer L5.

The buffer layer BFL may be disposed on the first base layer BL1. Thefirst thin film transistor TR1 and the second thin film transistor TR2may be disposed on the buffer layer BFL.

The first thin film transistor TR1 may include a first control electrodeCE1, a first input electrode IE1, a first output electrode OE1, and afirst semiconductor pattern SP1. The second thin film transistor TR2 mayinclude a second control electrode CE2, a second input electrode IE2, asecond output electrode OE2, and a second semiconductor pattern SP2.

The first semiconductor pattern SP1 and the second semiconductor patternSP2 may be disposed on the buffer layer BFL. The buffer layer BFL mayprovide a reformed surface to the first semiconductor pattern SP1 andthe second semiconductor pattern SP2. In this case, the firstsemiconductor pattern SP1 and the second semiconductor pattern SP2 mayhave an increased adhesion strength to the buffer layer BFL, compared tothe case that they are directly formed on the first base layer BL1. Inan embodiment, the buffer layer BFL may be a barrier layer protecting abottom surface of each of the first semiconductor pattern SP1 and thesecond semiconductor pattern SP2. In this case, the buffer layer BFL mayprevent contamination material or moisture, which are supplied from orthrough the first base layer BL1, from entering the first semiconductorpattern SP1 and the second semiconductor pattern SP2.

The first insulating layer L1 may be disposed on the buffer layer BFL tocover the first semiconductor pattern SP1 and the second semiconductorpattern SP2. The first insulating layer L1 may include an inorganicmaterial. The inorganic material may be, for example, silicon nitride,silicon oxynitride, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, or aluminum oxide,but the exemplary embodiments are not limited to this example.

The first control electrode CE1 and the second control electrode CE2 maybe provided on the first insulating layer L1. The second insulatinglayer L2 may be disposed on the first insulating layer L1 to cover thefirst control electrode CE1 and the second control electrode CE2. Thesecond insulating layer L2 may include an inorganic material.

The capacitor CAP (e.g., see FIG. 3) may include a first cap electrodeand a second cap electrode CPa. For example, the first cap electrode maybe a portion, which is divided from the second control electrode CE2,and the second cap electrode CPa may be disposed on the secondinsulating layer L2.

The third insulating layer L3 may be disposed on the second insulatinglayer L2 to cover the second cap electrode CPa. The first inputelectrode IE1, the first output electrode OE1, the second inputelectrode IE2, and the second output electrode OE2 may be disposed onthe third insulating layer L3. The first input electrode IE1 and thefirst output electrode OE1 may be connected to the first semiconductorpattern SP1 through penetration holes penetrating the first to thirdinsulating layers L1, L2, and L3. The second input electrode IE2 and thesecond output electrode OE2 may be connected to the second semiconductorpattern SP2 through penetration holes penetrating the first to thirdinsulating layers L1, L2, and L3. Not only the first input electrodeIE1, the first output electrode OE1, the second input electrode IE2, andthe second output electrode OE2 but also at least a portion of each ofsignal lines (e.g., scan or data lines) may be disposed on the thirdinsulating layer L3.

The fourth insulating layer L4 may be disposed on the third insulatinglayer L3 to cover the first input electrode IE1, the first outputelectrode OE1, the second input electrode IE2, and the second outputelectrode OE2. The fourth insulating layer L4 may have a single- ormulti-layered structure, and the fourth insulating layer L4 may beformed of or include an organic material and/or an inorganic material.

The connection electrode CNE may be disposed on the fourth insulatinglayer L4. Not only the connection electrode CNE but also at least aportion of each of the signal lines (e.g., the scan or data lines) maybe disposed on the fourth insulating layer L4. The connection electrodeCNE may be connected to the second output electrode OE2.

The fifth insulating layer L5 may be disposed on the fourth insulatinglayer L4 to cover the connection electrode CNE. The fifth insulatinglayer L5 may include an organic material. The fifth insulating layer L5may cover the pixel circuit PXC (e.g., see FIG. 3), which is disposedtherebelow, and may provide a substantially flat surface.

A first partition wall BR1 and a second partition wall BR2 may bedisposed on the fifth insulating layer L5. Each of the first partitionwall BR1 and the second partition wall BR2 may extend in the firstdirection DR1. The second partition wall BR2 may be spaced apart fromthe first partition wall BR1 in the second direction DR2. The firstpartition wall BR1 and the second partition wall BR2 may be formed of orinclude the same material. For example, the first partition wall BR1 andthe second partition wall BR2 may be formed of or include an organicmaterial.

The first electrode E1 may be disposed on the first partition wall BR1,and the second electrode E2 may be disposed on the second partition wallBR2. The first electrode E1 may extend in the first direction DR1 andmay cover the first partition wall BR1, and the second electrode E2 mayextend in the first direction DR1 and may cover the second partitionwall BR2. In other words, the first partition wall BR1 may be disposedbetween the first electrode E1 and the fifth insulating layer L5, andthe second partition wall BR2 may be disposed between the secondelectrode E2 and the fifth insulating layer L5.

In the fifth insulating layer L5, a penetration hole may be provided toexpose the connection electrode CNE. The first electrode E1 may beelectrically connected to the exposed connection electrode CNE. Thesecond electrode E2 may be electrically connected to the second powerline PL2 (e.g., see FIG. 3). In other words, the second power voltageELVSS (e.g., FIG. 3) may be provided to the second electrode E2.

Each of the first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 may have asingle-layered structure or a stacking structure including a pluralityof layers. For example, each of the first electrode E1 and the secondelectrode E2 may include a reflection electrode and a capping electrode,which is disposed on the reflection electrode. The reflection electrodemay have a single-layered structure or a stacked structure including aplurality of layers. For example, the reflection electrode may have astacking structure, in which indium tin oxide (ITO), silver (Ag), andindium tin oxide (ITO) layers are sequentially stacked. However, theexemplary embodiments are not limited to this example. The cappingelectrode may encapsulate the reflection electrode. The cappingelectrode may include at least one indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tinoxide (ITO), indium gallium oxide (IGO), indium zinc gallium oxide(IGZO), mixtures thereof, or compounds thereof.

The light-emitting element ED may be disposed on the fifth insulatinglayer L5. In an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of the light-emittingelements ED may be provided and may be connected in parallel. Aninsulating pattern may be further disposed between the fifth insulatinglayer L5 and the light-emitting element ED. The light-emitting elementED may be electrically connected to the first electrode E1 and thesecond electrode E2.

A sixth insulating layer L6 or an insulating pattern may be disposed onthe light-emitting element ED. The sixth insulating layer L6 may coverat least a portion of a top surface of the light-emitting element ED.

The light-emitting element ED may be electrically connected to the firstelectrode E1 via a first connection electrode CNE1, and thelight-emitting element ED may be electrically connected to the secondelectrode E2 via a second connection electrode CNE2.

The second connection electrode CNE2 may be disposed on thelight-emitting element ED and the second electrode E2. For example, thesecond connection electrode CNE2 may overlap some portions of thelight-emitting element ED and the second electrode E2 as shown in FIG.5. A seventh insulating layer L7 may be disposed on the secondconnection electrode CNE2. The first connection electrode CNE1 may bedisposed on the light-emitting element ED and the first electrode E1.For example, the first connection electrode CNE1 may overlap someportions of the light-emitting element ED and the first electrode E1 asshown in FIG. 5. Even when the length of the light-emitting element EDis shorter than several hundred micrometers, the second connectionelectrode CNE2 and the first connection electrode CNE1 may not be indirect contact with each other by the seventh insulating layer L7.However the exemplary embodiments are not limited to this example, andin an exemplary embodiment, the first connection electrode CNE1 and thesecond connection electrode CNE2 may be simultaneously formed throughthe same process. In this case, the seventh insulating layer L7 may beomitted.

Each of the first connection electrode CNE1 and the second connectionelectrode CNE2 may include a conductive material. For example, theconductive material may include at least one of indium zinc oxide (IZO),indium tin oxide (ITO), indium gallium oxide (IGO), indium zinc galliumoxide (IGZO), mixtures thereof, or compounds thereof. However, theexemplary embodiments are not limited to example. For example, theconductive material may be a metallic material, which includes, forexample, molybdenum (Mo), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti), copper (Cu),aluminum (Al), or alloys thereof.

An eighth insulating layer L8 may be disposed on the first connectionelectrode CNE1 and the seventh insulating layer L7. The eighthinsulating layer L8 may be an encapsulation layer.

A light-blocking layer BM may be disposed on a surface of the secondbase layer BL2 facing the first base layer BL1. An opening may beprovided in the light-blocking layer BM, and a wavelength conversionpart CL may cover the opening. A region exposed by the opening maycorrespond to a pixel light-emitting region PXA.

The wavelength conversion part CL may include a resin BR and a lightemitter QD. The resin BR may be a medium material, in which the lightemitter QD is dispersed, and may be made of at least one of variousresin composites, which are in general called “binder”. However, theexemplary embodiments are not limited to this example, and in theillustrated exemplary embodiment, if the light emitter QD can bedispersed in a medium material, such a medium material may be referredto as a base resin, regardless of its name, additional function, orconstituents. The base resin may be a polymer resin. For example, thebase resin may be acrylic resins, urethane resins, silicone resins,and/or epoxy resins. The base resin may be transparent.

The light emitter QD may absorb a first light provided from thelight-emitting element ED and may emit a second color light, whose coloror wavelength is converted to be different from that of the first light.The light emitter QD may be, for example, quantum dots. The first lightmay be a blue light, and the second color light may be a green or redlight.

Each of the quantum dots may have a nanometer-order crystalline materialconsisting of hundreds to thousands of atoms, and due to its small size,the quantum dots may exhibit an increase in band gap caused by thequantum confinement effect. In the case where an energy of lightincident to the quantum dots is larger than a band gap of each of thequantum dots, each of the quantum dots may absorb the light to be in anexcited state, and then, may emit light of a specific wavelength, whilereturning to its ground state. The wavelength of the emitted light maybe determined by the band gap. That is, by adjusting sizes orcompositions of the quantum dots, it may be possible to control thequantum confinement effect and light-emitting characteristics of thelight emitter QD.

The quantum dots may be a core-shell structure including a core and ashell enclosing the core. In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum dotsmay have a core/shell structure, in which one quantum dot is enclosed byanother quantum dot. At an interface between the core and the shell, anelement contained in the shell may have a concentration gradientdecreasing in a central direction.

Each of the quantum dots may be a nanometer-scale particle. Each of thequantum dots may have a light-emitting wavelength spectrum whose fullwidth half maximum (FWHM) is less than about 45 nm (in particular, lessthan about 40 nm or in more particular, less than about 30 nm), and inthis case, it may be possible to realize improved color purity or colorreproduction characteristics. Furthermore, the quantum dots may allowlight to be emitted radially, and thus, it may be possible to improve aviewing angle property.

In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum dots may be a spherical,pyramid-shaped, multi-arm, or cubic nano particle. In another exemplaryembodiment, the quantum dots may be a nano tube, a nano wire, a nanofiber, a nano plate-shaped particle, but the exemplary embodiments arenot limited to these examples.

In an exemplary embodiment, the wavelength conversion part CL may bereplaced with a color filter. The color filter may absorb light of aspecific wavelength to realize a desired color. In an exemplaryembodiment, the wavelength conversion part CL may be omitted. In thiscase, the light-emitting element ED may emit a blue, green, or redlight. In an exemplary embodiment, the display device DD may furtherinclude a color filter layer disposed between the wavelength conversionpart CL and the second base layer BL2.

A ninth insulating layer L9 may be disposed between the wavelengthconversion part CL and the eighth insulating layer L8. For example, theninth insulating layer L9 may be used to combine or bond the first baselayer BL1, in which the pixel circuit PXC (e.g., see FIG. 3) and thelight-emitting element ED are disposed, to the second base layer BL2, inwhich the wavelength conversion part CL and the light-blocking layer BMare disposed. For example, the ninth insulating layer 19 may be afiller, an optically clear adhesive film, an optically clear resin, or apressure sensitive adhesive film. However, the exemplary embodiments arenot limited to example, and in an exemplary embodiment, the ninthinsulating layer L9 may be omitted. In this case, a cell gap may beprovided between the wavelength conversion part CL and the eighthinsulating layer L8.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are plan views of exemplary embodiments of some elementsof a display panel constructed according to the principles of theinvention. In the description of FIGS. 6A and 6B, an element previouslydescribed with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 may be identified by the samereference number without repeating a redundant description thereof. InFIGS. 6A and 6B, a region corresponding to one pixel is illustrated andsome elements are omitted.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a plurality of the first electrodes E1 anda plurality of the second electrodes E2 may be provided in one pixelregion. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate example in which a pair of the firstelectrodes E1 and a pair of the second electrodes E2 are provided. Forexample, the first electrodes E1 may include two downwardly extendingprojections from a first connection line CL1 and the second electrodesE2 may also include two upwardly extending projections from a secondconnection line CL2 such that the downwardly and upwardly extendingprojections alternate in an interleaving manner, as shown in FIGS. 6Aand 6B. However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited to example.For example, in an exemplary embodiment, one first electrode E1 and onesecond electrode E2 may be disposed in each pixel region, and in anotherexemplary embodiment, three or more first electrode E1 and three or moresecond electrode E2 may be disposed in each pixel region.

The first electrode E1 may be connected to a first connection line CL1,and the second electrode E2 may be connected to a second connection lineCL2. The first connection line CL1 and the first electrode E1 mayconstitute a single member, and the second connection line CL2 and thesecond electrode E2 may constitute a single member.

The first connection line CL1 may electrically connect the firstelectrode E1 with the connection electrode CNE (e.g., see FIG. 5), andthe second connection line CL2 may electrically connect the secondelectrode E2 with the second power line PL2 (e.g., see FIG. 3).

The first electrode E1 may include a first region E11 and second regionsE12. The first region E11 may have a first electrical resistance. Thesecond regions E12 may have a second electrical resistance higher thanthe first resistance. The first region E11 may include a first electrodecenter region EC1, which extends in the first direction DR1, and firstelectrode protrusion regions EB1-1 and EB1-2, which protrude from thefirst electrode center region EC1 in the second direction DR2. Forexample, the first electrode center region EC1 may be disposed on thefirst partition wall BR1 (e.g., see FIG. 5). Each of the first electrodeprotrusion regions EB1-1 and EB1-2 may include first protrusion regionsEB1-1 and second protrusion regions EB1-2. When viewed in a plan view,the first electrode center region EC1 may be disposed between the firstprotrusion regions EB1-1 and the second protrusion regions EB1-2. Forexample, referring to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6A, the firstprotrusion regions EB1-1 may be located in the left side of the firstelectrode center region EC1, and the second protrusion regions EB1-2 maybe located in the right side of the first electrode center region EC1.

A plurality of the second regions E12 may be arranged to be spaced apartfrom each other in the first direction DR1. For example, the firstelectrode protrusion regions EB1-1 and EB1-2 of the first region E11 andthe plurality of the second regions E12 may be alternately arranged inthe first direction DR1. Each of the second regions E12 may be a treatedto form a region with an electrical resistance that differs from thesurrounding non-treated portions. For example, each of the secondregions E12 may be an ion injection region or an amorphous region.

The second regions E12 may be a region, in which oxygen ions (O⁺) areinjected. However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited to example,and in an exemplary embodiment, ions, which are different from theoxygen ions, may be injected into the second regions E12. The amount ofoxygen ions (O⁺) contained in the second regions E12 may be greater thanan amount of oxygen ions (O⁺) contained in the first region E11. Forexample, the first region E11 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), andthe second regions E12 may include indium tin oxide (ITO) doped withoxygen ions. However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited toexample. For example, the first region E11 may include aluminum (Al),and the second regions E12 may include aluminum oxide (Al_(x)O_(x)).Since the second regions E12 are doped with the oxygen ions, the secondregions E12 may have electrical resistance higher than that of the firstregion E11.

Each of the second regions E12 may be an amorphous region, which isphysically treated by ions, atoms, plasma or the like. For example, thesecond regions E12 may include a portion made of amorphous indium tinoxide (ITO). However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited toexample. For example, the second regions E12 may include a portion madeof amorphous aluminum (Al). In the case where the second regions E12have an amorphous structure, the second regions E12 may have electricresistance higher than that of the first region E11.

The second electrode E2 may include a third region E21 and fourthregions E22. The third region E21 may have a third resistance. Thefourth regions E22 may have a fourth resistance higher than the thirdresistance. The third region E21 may include a second electrode centerregion EC2, which extends in the first direction DR1, and secondelectrode protrusion regions EB2-1 and EB2-2, which protrude from thesecond electrode center region EC2 in the second direction DR2. Forexample, the second electrode center region EC2 may be disposed on thesecond partition wall BR2 (e.g., see FIG. 5). The second electrodeprotrusion regions EB2-1 and EB2-2 may include third protrusion regionsEB2-1 and a fourth protrusion regions EB2-2. When viewed in a plan view,the second electrode center region EC2 may be disposed between the thirdprotrusion regions EB2-1 and the fourth protrusion regions EB2-2. Forexample, referring to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6A, the thirdprotrusion regions EB2-1 may be located in the left side of the secondelectrode center region EC2, and the fourth protrusion regions EB2-2 maybe located in the right side of the second electrode center region EC2.

A plurality of the fourth regions E22 may be arranged to be spaced apartfrom each other in the first direction DR1. For example, the secondelectrode protrusion regions EB2-1 and EB2-2 of the third region E21 andthe plurality of the fourth regions E22 may be alternately arranged inthe first direction DR1.

The third region E21 and the fourth regions E22 of the second electrodeE2 may have the same structure as the first region E11 and the secondregions E12 of the first electrode E1. Thus, a detailed descriptionthereof will be omitted to avoid redundancy.

The first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 may be spaced apartfrom each other. For example, the first electrode E1 and the secondelectrode E2 may be alternately arranged in the second direction DR2.

FIG. 6B is a plan view illustrating the first electrode E1, the secondelectrode E2, and the light-emitting element ED, which is electricallyconnected to the first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2. Whenviewed in a plan view, the light-emitting element ED may be overlappedwith the first region E11 of the first electrode E1 and the third regionE21 of the second electrode E2. For example, the light-emitting elementED may be overlapped with the second protrusion regions EB1-2 of thefirst electrode E1 and the third protrusion regions EB2-1 of the secondelectrode E2. However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited toexample. According to an exemplary embodiment, an arrangement positionof the light-emitting element ED may be controlled by the firstelectrode E1 and the second electrode E2, whose resistance is differentfrom region to region. Thus, it may be possible to improve a fabricationyield and reliability of the display device DD (e.g., see FIG. 1). To bespecific, due to a difference in electrical resistance between the firstelectrode E1 and the second electrode E2, the strength of an electricfield between the second regions E12 and the fourth regions E22 shown inFIG. 6A may be weaker than the strength of an electric field between thefirst region E11 and the third region E21 shown in FIG. 6A. Accordingly,the light-emitting elements ED are automatically aligned in the firstregion E11 of the first electrode E1 and the third region E21 of thesecond electrode E2, when viewed in a plan view, due to the differentialelectric fields.

FIGS. 7A to 7C are diagrams, each of which illustrates an exemplaryembodiment of first to third steps of forming a first region and secondregions of a first electrode according to the principles of theinvention. An element previously described with reference to FIGS. 1 to6B may be identified by the same reference number without repeating aredundant description thereof.

Referring to FIG. 7A, the circuit layer CCL may be formed on the firstbase layer BL1. The circuit layer CCL may include a stacking structureincluding a plurality of insulating layers, a plurality of transistors,and a plurality of electrodes. For example, referring to FIG. 5, thecircuit layer CCL may include a buffer layer BFL, a first insulatinglayer L1, the first thin film transistor TR1, the second thin filmtransistor TR2, a second insulating layer L2, a third insulating layerL3, a fourth insulating layer L4, a connection electrode CNE, and afifth insulating layer L5. A first preliminary electrode PE1 and secondpreliminary electrode may be formed on the circuit layer CCL. During afabrication process, the first base layer BL1 may be disposed on aworking substrate. The working substrate may be removed, when theprocess of fabricating the display panel is finished.

A photoresist layer PR may be formed on the first preliminary electrodePE1. The photoresist layer PR may include an organic material. After theformation of the photoresist layer PR, a mask MK may be disposed on thephotoresist layer PR. The mask MK may be a binary mask including a lighttransmission portion TP and a light-blocking portion BP.

The photoresist layer PR may be a positive photoresist layer or anegative photoresist layer. Hereinafter, a case in which the photoresistlayer PR is the positive photoresist layer will be described as anexample.

When viewed in a plan view, the light transmission portion TP may beoverlapped with a region, on which the second regions E12 of the firstelectrode E1 (e.g., see FIG. 6A) will be formed. The light-blockingportion BP may be overlapped with a region other than the second regionsE12 of the first electrode E1, in a plan view. The mask MK may bedisposed on the photoresist layer PR, and light may be irradiated ontothe photoresist layer PR.

Referring to FIG. 7B, the photoresist layer PR may be patterned to forma photoresist pattern PR1. For example, the patterning of thephotoresist layer PR may include an exposure process and a developprocess. After the formation of the photoresist pattern PR1, a processof causing damage in a region of the first preliminary electrode PE1 maybe performed to form the first electrode E1 (e.g., see FIG. 6A). Theresistance treatment process may include an ion injection step ofproviding ions IO into the first preliminary electrode PE1. For example,the ions IO may be, for example, oxygen ions (O⁺). However, theexemplary embodiments are not limited to example, and various other ionsmay be used instead of the ions IO.

The resistance treatment process may include providing atoms or plasmato the first preliminary electrode PE1. The atoms may be, for example,argon or nitrogen atoms.

Referring to FIG. 7C, the photoresist pattern PR1 (e.g., see FIG. 7B)may be removed by a photoresist delamination process. The second regionsE12 may be an amorphous region, which is treated by ions, atoms, orplasma. For example, the second regions E12 may include amorphous indiumtin oxide (ITO). However, the exemplary embodiments are not limited toexample. For example, the second regions E12 may include amorphousaluminum (Al). In the case where the second regions E12 have anamorphous structure, the second regions E12 may have electric resistancehigher than that of the first region E11.

The amount of oxygen ions (O⁺) contained in the second regions E12 maybe greater than an amount of oxygen ions (O⁺) contained in the firstregion E11. For example, the first region E11 may include indium tinoxide (ITO), and the second regions E12 may include indium tin oxide(ITO) doped with oxygen ions. However, the exemplary embodiments are notlimited to example. For example, the first region E11 may includealuminum (Al), and the second regions E12 may include aluminum oxide(Al_(x)O_(x)). The second regions E12 doped with the oxygen ion (O⁺) mayhave electric resistance higher than that of the first region E11. Thesecond regions E12 may have electrical resistance higher than that ofthe first region E11.

The third region E21 and the fourth regions E22 of the second electrodeE2 shown in FIG. 6A may be formed by the same process as that for thefirst region E11 and the second regions E12 of the first electrode E1.Thus, a detailed description of the second preliminary electrode and thesecond electrode E2 is omitted to avoid redundancy.

FIG. 8 is a sectional view illustrating an exemplary embodiment of astep of providing a light-emitting element constructed according to theprinciples of the invention. An element previously described withreference to FIGS. 1 to 7C may be identified by the same referencenumber without repeating a redundant description thereof.

Referring to FIG. 8, a solution, in which the light-emitting element EDand solvent are contained, may be provided on the first electrode E1 andthe second electrode E2. The solvent may be a material that can beevaporated in a room temperature or by heat. The solution may be an inkcontaining the light-emitting element ED or a paste material containingthe light-emitting element ED. An electric field may be produced betweenthe first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 by applying power tothe first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2. The electric fieldmay induce a dipole moment in the light-emitting element ED, and in thiscase, the light-emitting element ED may be aligned between the firstelectrode E1 and the second electrode E2 by a dielectrophoresis force.The step of providing of the light-emitting element ED may furtherinclude evaporating the solvent, after the alignment of thelight-emitting element ED.

According to an exemplary embodiment, owing to a different in electricalresistance, the strength of an electric field between the second regionsE12 and the fourth regions E22 (e.g., see FIG. 6B) may be weaker than astrength of an electric field between the first region E11 and the thirdregion E21 (e.g., see FIG. 6B). Thus, the light-emitting element ED maybe automatically and easily aligned in the first region E11 of the firstelectrode E1 and the third region E21 of the second electrode E2, whenviewed in a plan view. Accordingly, the aligned light-emitting elementED may be overlapped with the second protrusion regions EB1-2 (e.g., seeFIG. 6B) of the first electrode E1 and with the first protrusion regionsEB2-1 (e.g., see FIG. 6B) of the second electrode E2. According to anexemplary embodiment, an arrangement position of the light-emittingelement ED may be controlled by using a spatial variation in electricalresistance of the electrode. Thus, it may be possible to improve afabrication yield and reliability of the display device DD (e.g., seeFIG. 1).

According to an exemplary embodiment, a first electrode may include afirst region and a second region, which have a first resistance and asecond resistance, respectively, and a second electrode may include athird region and a fourth resistance, which have a third resistance anda fourth region. Here, the second and fourth resistances may be higherthan the first and third resistances, respectively, and a difference ofsuch a resistance may be used to control an arrangement position of thelight-emitting element. Thus, it may be possible to improve afabrication yield and reliability of a display device.

Although certain exemplary embodiments and implementations have beendescribed herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparentfrom this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are notlimited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of theappended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalentarrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in theart.

What is claimed is:
 1. A display device, comprising: a substrate; afirst electrode disposed on the substrate; a second electrode disposedon the substrate and spaced apart from the first electrode; and alight-emitting element disposed on the first electrode and the secondelectrode, wherein the first electrode comprises a first portion onwhich the light emitting element is disposed, and a second portion onwhich the light emitting element is not disposed, the second electrodecomprising a third portion on which the light emitting element isdisposed, and a fourth portion on which the light emitting element isnot disposed, and each of the second portion and the fourth portioncomprises an electrode center portion, and a plurality of amorphousportions disposed beside the electrode center portion, and each of thefirst portion and the third portion is disposed between the amorphousportions.
 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the amorphousportion of the first electrode and the second electrode has a firstresistance higher than a second resistance of the first portion and thethird portion.
 3. The display device of claim 2, wherein the electrodecenter portion of the second portion and the fourth portion has thesecond resistance.
 4. The display device of claim 1, further comprises:a first connection electrode disposed on the first electrode and contactwith the light emitting element; and a second connection electrodedisposed on the second electrode and contact with the light emittingelement.
 5. The display device of claim 4, further comprises aninsulating pattern disposed on the light emitting elements, wherein atleast portion of the first connection electrode and the secondconnection electrode is contact with the insulating pattern.
 6. Thedisplay device of claim 4, further comprises a pixel circuit disposedbetween the substrate and the first and second electrodes, wherein thefirst connection electrode and the second connection electrode areelectrically contact with the pixel circuit.
 7. The display device ofclaim 6, further comprises a first insulating layer disposed between thepixel circuit and the first and second electrodes.
 8. The display deviceof claim 6, wherein the first electrode is contact with a thirdconnection electrode of the pixel circuit disposed under the firstinsulating layer.
 9. The display device of claim 1, further comprises: afirst wall disposed between the first electrode and the substrate; and asecond wall disposed between the second electrode and the substrate,wherein each of the electrode center portions of the second portion andthe fourth portion is overlapping with the first wall and the secondwall, respectively.
 10. The display device of claim 9, wherein thelight-emitting element is disposed between the first wall and the secondwall.
 11. The display device of claim 1, further comprises: a secondinsulating layer disposed on the first electrode and the secondelectrode; a light-blocking layer disposed on the second insulatinglayer and surrounding an opening on the second insulating layer; and awavelength converter disposed at the opening and comprising a resin anda light emitter dispersed in the resin.
 12. The display device of claim11, wherein the light emitting element is overlapping with thewavelength converter.
 13. The display device of claim 11, furthercomprises a third insulating layer disposed between the secondinsulating layer and the first and second electrodes.
 14. A displaydevice, comprising: a first electrode extending in a first direction; asecond electrode extending in the first direction and spaced apart fromthe first electrode in a second direction; and a plurality oflight-emitting elements disposed on the first electrode and the secondelectrode and arranged in the first direction, wherein the firstelectrode comprises a plurality of first portions spaced apart from eachother in the first direction and a plurality of second portions disposedbetween the first portions, the second electrode comprises a pluralityof third portions spaced apart from each other in the first directionand a plurality of fourth portions disposed between the third portions,both ends of the light emitting element are disposed on the firstportion and third portion, and the second portion and the fourth portionare amorphous region.
 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein thesecond portion and the fourth portion have a first resistance higherthan a second resistance of the first portion and third portion.
 16. Thedisplay device of claim 14, further comprises: a first electrode layerextending in the second direction; and a second electrode layerextending in the second direction and spaced apart from the firstelectrode layer in the first direction, wherein the plurality oflight-emitting element is disposed between the first electrode layer andthe second electrode layer.
 17. The display device of claim 16, whereinthe first electrode is electrically contact with the first electrodelayer, and the second electrode is electrically contact with the secondelectrode layer.
 18. The display device of claim 14, further comprises:a first connection electrode disposed on the first electrode and contactwith the plurality of the light-emitting element; and a secondconnection electrode disposed on the second electrode and contact withthe plurality of the light-emitting element.
 19. The display device ofclaim 14, wherein the first electrode comprises a first electrode centerportion extending in the first electrode, the second electrode comprisesa second electrode center portion extending in the first electrode, thefirst portion and the second portion are disposed beside the firstelectrode center portion, and the third portion and the fourth portionare disposed beside the second electrode center portion.
 20. The displaydevice of claim 19, further comprises: a first wall overlapping with thefirst electrode center portion; and a second wall overlapping with thesecond electrode center portion, wherein the plurality of light-emittingelement is disposed between the first wall and the second wall.